Renal transplantation is a medical procedure in which a healthy kidney from a donor is surgically placed into a person with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure. This procedure offers patients with severely damaged kidneys a chance at a significantly improved quality of life and increased life expectancy. Renal transplantation is considered the best treatment option for many patients with ESRD, as it allows them to discontinue dialysis and regain normal kidney function. However, there are challenges associated with renal transplantation such as organ rejection and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Researchers in this field focus on improving outcomes for renal transplant recipients, developing new techniques for organ preservation and transplantation, and finding ways to prevent organ rejection.